This course is a continuation of CHEM103 : Organic Chemistry I. As you progress through the units below, you will continue to learn the different chemical reactions characteristic of each family of organic compounds. We will focus on the four most important classes of reactions: electrophilic substitution at aromatic rings, nucleophilic addition at carbonyl compounds, hydrolysis of carboxylic acids, and carbon-carbon bond formation using enolates. The enolate portion of this course will cover the reactivity of functional groups. We will also look at synthetic strategies for making simple, small organic molecules, using the knowledge of organic chemistry accumulated thus far. At the end of this course, you will possess the tools you need to plan the synthesis of fairly complicated molecules, like those used in pharmaceutics. From the perspective of a synthetic organic chemist, the two most challenging aspects of synthesizing drug molecules are the incorporation of "molecular rings" (rings of 5, 6, 7, or more atoms) and/or fused ring systems into the structure of the molecule and the configuration of the chiral center, which will ensure the desired optical activity. For example, the drug Zantac contains amines, disulfides, and an oxole ring. By the end of this course, you will be able to rationalize your way through the synthesis of this drug. This course also introduces biological molecules, including carbohydrates, peptides and proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, from a molecular perspective. You will learn how chemical reactions, especially oxidation and reduction reactions, form the basis of all life. In fact, plants reduce carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates (sugars), whereas animals and humans oxidize the food eaten to produce energy. Humans store this produced energy in the form of "chemical bonds" (ATP, etc.). Note that in biology, you would study the functionality of these structures by asking, "How do they operate?" whereas in the field of organic chemistry, we ask: "What are they made of?" We will conclude this course with a unit on spectroscopy in which you will learn how to characterize and identify an unknown organic molecule based on its functional groups vibrational modes (IR), mass (MS), light absorption (UV-Vis), and nuclei resonance (NMR).
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